The following are among the issues that the course will address:

• DNAPL entry and flow in fractures and potential to re-mobilize DNAPL
• Importance of molecular diffusion in contaminant distribution
• Core sample analysis for contaminant distributions in clay and rock
• Characterization of DNAPL source zones
• Strategies for determination of maximum depth of DNAPL occurrence
• Failure of the "1% rule" for identifying or locating DNAPL zones
• Effects of and prevention of borehole cross contamination in rock
• Nature and origin of pathways for DNAPL movement through aquitards
• DNAPL disappearance from fractures due to dissolution and diffusion
• Advances in multilevel borehole monitoring systems
• Problems, risks and approaches for drilling in DNAPL zones
• Strategies and approaches for evaluating natural attenuation
• Applications of mathematical models, such as FRACTRAN, for migration and fate
• Recent advances in borehole geophysics and hydrophysics
• Examples of biotic and abiotic degradation in fractured rock
• Induced fracturing for permeability enhancement
• Chemical oxidation for in situ destruction of chlorinated ethenes
• Approaches and limitations of remedial technologies for mass removal

Field Data are Emphasized

The course describes the methods and strategies for cost-effective maximization of the value of each borehole through the acquisition of appropriate information from core analysis and testing, geophysical and hydro-geophysical logging and testing, and the use of depth-discrete multilevel monitoring systems including the FLUTe, Solinst, and Westbay systems.

Case studies of detailed investigations of contaminated sites, in the United States and Canada, will be used to illustrate a variety of DNAPL problems, investigation methods, and remedial options. The case studies involve major remedial efforts and natural attenuation assessments and illustrate various degrees of difficulty and accomplishment. The case studies, which also involve various contaminants, include:

• Chlorinated solvents and pesticides in fractured sedimentary rock (sandstone, shale, dolostone)
• DNAPLS in fractured igneous and metamorphic rocks
• Chlorinated solvents in fractured and un-fractured clayey aquitards
• Penetration of PCB oils and creosote into fractured clay aquitards
• DNAPL contamination in karst
• Importance of diffusion and dispersion in natural attenuation
• Evidence for biotic and abiotic degradation
• Use of complementary field data sets to develop and assess site conceptual models